~james/split

034f655e01705b2f81bd72540021f2aeef3ef441 — james verified 3 months ago d5ec9d4
feat(pager): resolve write faults and recycle scrubbed frames
7 files changed, 523 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

A Makefile
A client.c
A microkit.patch
A pager.c
A setup.sh
A split.h
A split.system
A Makefile => Makefile +46 -0
@@ 0,0 1,46 @@
SDK ?= $(HOME)/.cache/split/microkit-sdk-2.3.1
TOOL ?= $(HOME)/.cache/split/microkit-2.3.1/target/release/microkit
BOARD := $(SDK)/board/qemu_virt_aarch64/debug
CC := aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc
LD := aarch64-linux-gnu-ld
CFLAGS := -std=gnu11 -O2 -g -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-function -ffreestanding -nostdlib -mstrict-align -I$(BOARD)/include
QEMU := qemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,virtualization=on -cpu cortex-a53 -m 2G -nographic -monitor none -serial stdio

.PHONY: all proof clean
all: build/loader.img

build:
	mkdir -p build

build/pager.o: pager.c split.h | build
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

build/alpha.o: client.c split.h | build
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DCLIENT=0 -c $< -o $@

build/beta.o: client.c split.h | build
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DCLIENT=1 -c $< -o $@

build/unsafe.o: pager.c split.h | build
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DSHARED_WRITE=1 -c $< -o $@

build/%.elf: build/%.o
	$(LD) -L$(BOARD)/lib $< -lmicrokit -Tmicrokit.ld -o $@

build/loader.img: build/pager.elf build/alpha.elf build/beta.elf split.system
	MICROKIT_SDK=$(SDK) $(TOOL) --board qemu_virt_aarch64 --config debug --search-path build -o $@ -r build/report.txt split.system

build/unsafe.img: build/unsafe.elf build/alpha.elf build/beta.elf split.system
	sed 's/pager.elf/unsafe.elf/' split.system > build/unsafe.system
	MICROKIT_SDK=$(SDK) $(TOOL) --board qemu_virt_aarch64 --config debug --search-path build -o $@ -r build/unsafe.txt build/unsafe.system

proof:
	isabelle build -D .

build/split.ml: Export.thy Reuse.thy Snapshot.thy Execution.thy Protocol.thy Isolation.thy Model.thy ROOT | build
	isabelle build -D .
	isabelle export -n -d . -O build/generated -x 'Split.Export:code/**' Split
	cp build/generated/Split.Export/code/split.ocaml $@

clean:
	rm -rf build

A client.c => client.c +19 -0
@@ 0,0 1,19 @@
#include "split.h"

void init(void) {}

void notified(microkit_channel channel) {
  require(channel == 0, "unknown notification");
  volatile struct job *job = (void *)TASK;
  unsigned p = job->page, length = job->length;
  require(p < PAGES && length <= LIMIT, "edit bounds");
  volatile unsigned char *page = (void *)(BASE + p * BYTES);
  for (unsigned i = 0; i <= length; ++i) {
    page[i] = job->text[i];
    microkit_mr_set(0, p);
    microkit_mr_set(1, i);
    microkit_mr_set(2, page[i]);
    (void)microkit_ppcall(0, microkit_msginfo_new(1, 3));
  }
  (void)microkit_ppcall(0, microkit_msginfo_new(2, 0));
}

A microkit.patch => microkit.patch +73 -0
@@ 0,0 1,73 @@
--- a/tool/microkit/src/sdf/cspace.rs
+++ b/tool/microkit/src/sdf/cspace.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     Tcb,
     Sc,
     VSpace,
+    Frame,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -45,9 +46,9 @@
         // At the moment the four cap maps we support all have the 'pd' element,
         // so we can include it here. When that stops being the case we will
         // have to rework this a bit.
-        check_attributes(xml_sdf, node, &["slot", "pd"])?;
-
-        let pd = Rc::from(checked_lookup(xml_sdf, node, "pd")?);
+        let source = if cap_type == CapMapType::Frame { "mr" } else { "pd" };
+        check_attributes(xml_sdf, node, &["slot", source])?;
+        let pd = Rc::from(checked_lookup(xml_sdf, node, source)?);
 
         let slot: u64 = sdf_parse_required_attribute(xml_sdf, node, "slot")?;
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@
                 "cap_tcb" => CapMap::from_xml(CapMapType::Tcb, xml_sdf, &*child)?,
                 "cap_sc" => CapMap::from_xml(CapMapType::Sc, xml_sdf, &*child)?,
                 "cap_vspace" => CapMap::from_xml(CapMapType::VSpace, xml_sdf, &*child)?,
+                "cap_frame" => CapMap::from_xml(CapMapType::Frame, xml_sdf, &*child)?,
                 child_name => {
                     let location = loc_string(xml_sdf, child.range().start);
                     if let Some(type_name) = child_name.strip_prefix("cap_") {
--- a/tool/microkit/src/sdf.rs
+++ b/tool/microkit/src/sdf.rs
@@ -310,7 +310,11 @@
 
     for pd in pds.values() {
         for cap_map in pd.cap_maps.iter() {
-            if !pds.contains_key(&cap_map.pd) {
+            if cap_map.cap_type == CapMapType::Frame {
+                if !mrs.iter().any(|mr| mr.name.as_str() == cap_map.pd.as_ref()) {
+                    return Err(format!("Unknown frame region {}", cap_map.pd));
+                }
+            } else if !pds.contains_key(&cap_map.pd) {
                 return Err(format!(
                     "Error: unknown PD name '{}': {}",
                     cap_map.pd,
--- a/tool/microkit/src/capdl/builder.rs
+++ b/tool/microkit/src/capdl/builder.rs
@@ -1332,12 +1332,23 @@
         for cap_map in pd.cap_maps.iter() {
             // TODO: Once we add more CapMap options, they might not all have
             // the pd_name. But for now, they do.
-            let pd_src_shadow_cspace = &pd_shadow_cspaces[&cap_map.pd];
+            let pd_src_shadow_cspace = if cap_map.cap_type == CapMapType::Frame {
+                &pd_shadow_cspaces[&pd.name]
+            } else {
+                &pd_shadow_cspaces[&cap_map.pd]
+            };
 
             let cap_map_obj = match cap_map.cap_type {
                 CapMapType::Tcb => capdl_util_make_tcb_cap(pd_src_shadow_cspace.tcb),
                 CapMapType::Sc => capdl_util_make_sc_cap(pd_src_shadow_cspace.sched_context),
                 CapMapType::VSpace => capdl_util_make_page_table_cap(pd_src_shadow_cspace.vspace),
+                CapMapType::Frame => {
+                    let frames = &mr_name_to_frames[cap_map.pd.as_ref()];
+                    if frames.len() != 1 {
+                        return Err(format!("Frame region {} must contain one page", cap_map.pd));
+                    }
+                    capdl_util_make_frame_cap(frames[0], true, true, false, true)
+                },
             };
 
             // Map this into the destination pd's cspace and the specified slot.

A pager.c => pager.c +249 -0
@@ 0,0 1,249 @@
#include "split.h"

#ifndef SHARED_WRITE
#define SHARED_WRITE 0
#endif

static unsigned mapping[SLOTS], next = PAGES;
static unsigned available[FRAMES - PAGES], returned;
static seL4_CPtr caps[SLOTS];
static int started, busy = -1;
static char line[384];
static unsigned used;
static volatile uint32_t *uart = (void *)0x70000000ul;

static unsigned char *frame(unsigned f) {
  return (unsigned char *)(BACKING + f * BYTES);
}

static void done(void) { microkit_dbg_puts("@done\n"); }

static seL4_Word physical(seL4_CPtr cap) {
  seL4_ARM_Page_GetAddress_t result = seL4_ARM_Page_GetAddress(cap);
  require(result.error == seL4_NoError, "frame address query");
  return result.paddr;
}

static int length(const char *text, unsigned *size) {
  unsigned n = 0;
  while (text[n]) if (++n > LIMIT) return 0;
  *size = n;
  return 1;
}

static void map(unsigned k, seL4_CPtr page, int write) {
  seL4_CapRights_t rights = seL4_CapRights_new(0, 0, 1, write);
  require(seL4_ARM_Page_Map(page, microkit_cspace_root_slot_to_cptr(1 + k / PAGES),
    BASE + (k % PAGES) * BYTES, rights,
    seL4_ARM_Default_VMAttributes | seL4_ARM_ExecuteNever) == seL4_NoError,
    "page map");
}

static void table(void) {
  microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT TABLE");
  for (unsigned k = 0; k < SLOTS; ++k) {
    microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(mapping[k]);
  }
  microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
}

void init(void) {
  for (unsigned f = 0; f < FRAMES; ++f)
    for (unsigned b = 0; b < BYTES; ++b) frame(f)[b] = 0;
  for (unsigned k = 0; k < SLOTS; ++k) {
    mapping[k] = k % PAGES;
    caps[k] = microkit_cspace_root_slot_to_cptr(10 + k);
    map(k, caps[k], SHARED_WRITE);
  }
  uart[0x30 / 4] |= 0x301;
  uart[0x2c / 4] = 0x60;
  uart[0x44 / 4] = 0x7ff;
  uart[0x38 / 4] = 0x10;
  microkit_irq_ack(5);
  table();
  microkit_dbg_puts("@ready\n");
}

seL4_Bool fault(microkit_child child, microkit_msginfo info, microkit_msginfo *reply) {
  require(child < CLIENTS && microkit_msginfo_get_label(info) == seL4_Fault_VMFault,
    "unexpected fault");
  seL4_Word address = microkit_mr_get(seL4_VMFault_Addr);
  seL4_Word fsr = microkit_mr_get(seL4_VMFault_FSR);
  seL4_Word ip = microkit_mr_get(seL4_VMFault_IP);
  require(address >= BASE && address < BASE + PAGES * BYTES && (fsr & (1ul << 6)),
    "not a managed write fault");
  unsigned k = child * PAGES + (address - BASE) / BYTES;
  unsigned old = mapping[k], fresh = returned ? available[--returned] : next++;
  require(old < PAGES && fresh < FRAMES, "frame pool exhausted");
  seL4_Word source = physical(caps[k]);
  seL4_CPtr destination = microkit_cspace_root_slot_to_cptr(30 + fresh - PAGES);
  seL4_Word target = physical(destination);
  for (unsigned b = 0; b < BYTES; ++b) frame(fresh)[b] = frame(old)[b];
  require(seL4_ARM_Page_Unmap(caps[k]) == seL4_NoError, "page unmap");
  caps[k] = microkit_cspace_root_slot_to_cptr(30 + fresh - PAGES);
  map(k, caps[k], 1);
  mapping[k] = fresh;
  microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT COPY "); number(k);
  microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(old);
  microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(fresh); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
  table();
  microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT FAULT "); number(k);
  microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(address);
  microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(ip);
  microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(fsr);
  microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(source);
  microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(target); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
  *reply = microkit_msginfo_new(0, 0);
  return seL4_True;
}

microkit_msginfo protected(microkit_channel channel, microkit_msginfo info) {
  require(channel < CLIENTS && (int)channel == busy, "unexpected worker");
  if (microkit_msginfo_get_label(info) == 1) {
    unsigned p = microkit_mr_get(0), offset = microkit_mr_get(1), byte = microkit_mr_get(2);
    require(p < PAGES && offset <= LIMIT && byte < 256, "write bounds");
    unsigned k = channel * PAGES + p;
    require(frame(mapping[k])[offset] == byte, "write observation");
    microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT W "); number(k);
    microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(offset);
    microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(byte); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
  } else {
    require(microkit_msginfo_get_label(info) == 2, "unknown worker request");
    busy = -1;
    done();
  }
  return microkit_msginfo_new(0, 0);
}

static void request(void) {
  if (busy >= 0) { microkit_dbg_puts("@error worker busy\n"); return; }
  if (line[0] == 'B' && !started && line[1] == ' ' && line[2] >= '0' && line[2] <= '3' && line[3] == ' ') {
    unsigned p = line[2] - '0', size;
    if (!length(line + 4, &size)) { microkit_dbg_puts("@error field too long\n"); return; }
    for (unsigned b = 0; b < BYTES; ++b) frame(p)[b] = 0;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < size; ++i) frame(p)[i] = line[4 + i];
    done();
  } else if (line[0] == 'S' && !line[1] && !started) {
    started = 1;
    done();
  } else if (!started) {
    microkit_dbg_puts("@error document not opened\n");
  } else if (line[0] == 'E' && line[1] == ' ' && line[2] >= '0' && line[2] <= '1' && line[3] == ' ' && line[4] >= '0' && line[4] <= '3' && line[5] == ' ') {
    unsigned c = line[2] - '0', p = line[4] - '0', size;
    if (!length(line + 6, &size)) { microkit_dbg_puts("@error field too long\n"); return; }
    volatile struct job *job = (void *)(TASK + c * BYTES);
    job->page = p;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < size; ++i) job->text[i] = line[6 + i];
    job->text[size] = 0;
    job->length = size;
    busy = c;
    microkit_notify(c);
  } else if (line[0] == 'Q' && line[1] == ' ' && line[2] >= '0' && line[2] <= '2' && !line[3]) {
    unsigned c = line[2] - '0';
    for (unsigned p = 0; p < PAGES; ++p) {
      unsigned k = c * PAGES + p, f = c == 2 ? p : mapping[k];
      if (c < CLIENTS) {
        for (unsigned b = 0; b <= LIMIT; ++b) {
          microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT R "); number(k);
          microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(b);
          microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(frame(f)[b]); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
          if (!frame(f)[b]) break;
        }
      }
      microkit_dbg_puts("@field "); number(p); microkit_dbg_puts(" ");
      for (unsigned b = 0; b < LIMIT && frame(f)[b]; ++b) {
        char text[2] = {(char)frame(f)[b], 0}; microkit_dbg_puts(text);
      }
      microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
    }
    done();
  } else if (line[0] == 'P' && !line[1]) {
    for (unsigned k = 0; k < SLOTS; ++k) {
      microkit_dbg_puts("@map "); number(k);
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(BASE + (k % PAGES) * BYTES);
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(physical(caps[k]));
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(mapping[k] >= PAGES); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
    }
    done();
  } else if (line[0] == 'D' && line[1] == ' ' && line[2] >= '0' && line[2] <= '1' && !line[3]) {
    unsigned c = line[2] - '0';
    require(seL4_TCB_Suspend(BASE_TCB_CAP + c) == seL4_NoError, "worker suspend");
    microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT STOP "); number(c); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
    for (unsigned p = 0; p < PAGES; ++p) {
      unsigned k = c * PAGES + p, f = mapping[k];
      if (f < PAGES) continue;
      seL4_Word old = physical(caps[k]);
      require(seL4_ARM_Page_Unmap(caps[k]) == seL4_NoError, "private page unmap");
      caps[k] = microkit_cspace_root_slot_to_cptr(10 + k);
      map(k, caps[k], 0);
      mapping[k] = p;
      volatile unsigned char *bytes = frame(f);
      for (unsigned b = 0; b < BYTES; ++b) bytes[b] = 0;
      unsigned cleared = 0;
      for (unsigned b = 0; b < BYTES; ++b) cleared += bytes[b] == 0;
      require(cleared == BYTES && returned < FRAMES - PAGES, "frame scrub");
      available[returned++] = f;
      microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT RELEASE "); number(k);
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(f);
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(old);
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(physical(caps[k]));
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(cleared); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
    }
    table();
    require(seL4_TCB_Resume(BASE_TCB_CAP + c) == seL4_NoError, "worker resume");
    microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT RUN "); number(c); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
    done();
  } else if (line[0] == 'F' && !line[1]) {
    for (unsigned i = returned; i > 0; --i) {
      unsigned f = available[i - 1], cleared = 0;
      volatile unsigned char *bytes = frame(f);
      for (unsigned b = 0; b < BYTES; ++b) cleared += bytes[b] == 0;
      microkit_dbg_puts("@free "); number(f);
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(physical(microkit_cspace_root_slot_to_cptr(30 + f - PAGES)));
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(cleared); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
      for (unsigned b = 0; b < 32; ++b) {
        microkit_dbg_puts("@zero "); number(f);
        microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(b);
        microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(bytes[b]); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
      }
    }
    done();
  } else if (line[0] == 'H' && line[1] == ' ' && line[2] >= '0' && line[2] <= '2' && line[3] == ' ' && line[4] >= '0' && line[4] <= '3' && !line[5]) {
    unsigned c = line[2] - '0', p = line[4] - '0', k = c * PAGES + p;
    unsigned f = c == 2 ? p : mapping[k];
    seL4_CPtr cap = c == 2 ? microkit_cspace_root_slot_to_cptr(10 + p) : caps[k];
    microkit_dbg_puts("@addr "); number(c == 2 ? BACKING + p * BYTES : BASE + p * BYTES);
    microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(physical(cap)); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
    for (unsigned b = 0; b < 64; ++b) {
      if (c < CLIENTS) {
        microkit_dbg_puts("SPLIT R "); number(k);
        microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(b);
        microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(frame(f)[b]); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
      }
      microkit_dbg_puts("@byte "); number(b);
      microkit_dbg_puts(" "); number(frame(f)[b]); microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
    }
    done();
  } else if (line[0] == 'M' && !line[1]) {
    table();
    done();
  } else {
    microkit_dbg_puts("@error unknown request\n");
  }
}

void notified(microkit_channel channel) {
  require(channel == 5, "unknown interrupt");
  uart[0x44 / 4] = 0x7ff;
  while (!(uart[0x18 / 4] & 0x10)) {
    unsigned ch = uart[0] & 255;
    if (ch == '\n') {
      line[used] = 0;
      request();
      used = 0;
    } else if (ch >= 32 && ch < 127 && used < sizeof(line) - 1) {
      line[used++] = ch;
    }
  }
  microkit_irq_ack(5);
}

A setup.sh => setup.sh +17 -0
@@ 0,0 1,17 @@
#!/bin/sh
set -eu
cache="${SPLIT_CACHE:-$HOME/.cache/split}"
mkdir -p "$cache"
if [ ! -f "$cache/sdk.tar.gz" ]; then
  curl -fL --retry 2 https://github.com/seL4/microkit/releases/download/2.3.1/microkit-sdk-2.3.1-linux-x86-64.tar.gz -o "$cache/sdk.tar.gz"
fi
if [ ! -f "$cache/source.tar.gz" ]; then
  curl -fL --retry 2 https://codeload.github.com/seL4/microkit/tar.gz/refs/tags/2.3.1 -o "$cache/source.tar.gz"
fi
printf '%s  %s\n' b1b285b8785db7557eba6d0665dd4fbf2f265ea5c0b39d6f91ae3dcc43d2c424 "$cache/sdk.tar.gz" 67ae034628465c35169c398dd7d9ea61dbe8bd93c7a9adb05b9bb31bae25c22f "$cache/source.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c -
if [ ! -d "$cache/microkit-sdk-2.3.1" ]; then
  tar -xzf "$cache/sdk.tar.gz" -C "$cache"
fi
tar -xzf "$cache/source.tar.gz" -C "$cache"
patch -s -p1 -d "$cache/microkit-2.3.1" < "$(dirname "$0")/microkit.patch"
cargo build --release --locked -p microkit-tool --manifest-path "$cache/microkit-2.3.1/Cargo.toml"

A split.h => split.h +43 -0
@@ 0,0 1,43 @@
#ifndef SPLIT_H
#define SPLIT_H
#include <microkit.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#define PAGES 4u
#define CLIENTS 2u
#define SLOTS (PAGES * CLIENTS)
#define FRAMES (PAGES + SLOTS)
#define BYTES 4096u
#define BASE 0x40000000ul
#define BACKING 0x60000000ul
#define TASK 0x50000000ul
#define LIMIT 255u

struct job {
  unsigned page, length;
  char text[LIMIT + 1];
};

static inline void number(unsigned long n) {
  char s[24];
  unsigned i = sizeof(s) - 1;
  s[i] = 0;
  do {
    s[--i] = '0' + n % 10;
    n /= 10;
  } while (n);
  microkit_dbg_puts(s + i);
}

static inline unsigned char seed(unsigned page, unsigned offset) {
  return (page * 17u + offset) % 256u;
}

static inline void require(int ok, const char *message) {
  if (ok) return;
  microkit_dbg_puts("@error ");
  microkit_dbg_puts(message);
  microkit_dbg_puts("\n");
  for (;;) seL4_Yield();
}
#endif

A split.system => split.system +76 -0
@@ 0,0 1,76 @@
<system>
  <memory_region name="frame0" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame1" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame2" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame3" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame4" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame5" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame6" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame7" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame8" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame9" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame10" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="frame11" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="reserve0" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="reserve1" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <protection_domain name="pager" priority="254">
    <program_image path="pager.elf" />
    <map mr="frame0" vaddr="0x60000000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame1" vaddr="0x60001000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame2" vaddr="0x60002000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame3" vaddr="0x60003000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame4" vaddr="0x60004000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame5" vaddr="0x60005000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame6" vaddr="0x60006000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame7" vaddr="0x60007000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame8" vaddr="0x60008000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame9" vaddr="0x60009000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame10" vaddr="0x6000a000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="frame11" vaddr="0x6000b000" perms="rw" />
    <cspace>
      <cap_vspace slot="1" pd="alpha" />
      <cap_frame slot="10" mr="frame0" />
      <cap_frame slot="11" mr="frame1" />
      <cap_frame slot="12" mr="frame2" />
      <cap_frame slot="13" mr="frame3" />
      <cap_vspace slot="2" pd="beta" />
      <cap_frame slot="14" mr="frame0" />
      <cap_frame slot="15" mr="frame1" />
      <cap_frame slot="16" mr="frame2" />
      <cap_frame slot="17" mr="frame3" />
      <cap_frame slot="30" mr="frame4" />
      <cap_frame slot="31" mr="frame5" />
      <cap_frame slot="32" mr="frame6" />
      <cap_frame slot="33" mr="frame7" />
      <cap_frame slot="34" mr="frame8" />
      <cap_frame slot="35" mr="frame9" />
      <cap_frame slot="36" mr="frame10" />
      <cap_frame slot="37" mr="frame11" />
    </cspace>
    <protection_domain name="alpha" priority="100" id="0">
      <program_image path="alpha.elf" />
      <map mr="reserve0" vaddr="0x40010000" perms="r" />
      <map mr="task0" vaddr="0x50000000" perms="r" />
    </protection_domain>
    <protection_domain name="beta" priority="99" id="1">
      <program_image path="beta.elf" />
      <map mr="reserve1" vaddr="0x40010000" perms="r" />
      <map mr="task1" vaddr="0x50000000" perms="r" />
    </protection_domain>
    <map mr="uart" vaddr="0x70000000" perms="rw" cached="false" />
    <irq irq="33" id="5" trigger="level" />
    <map mr="task0" vaddr="0x50000000" perms="rw" />
    <map mr="task1" vaddr="0x50001000" perms="rw" />
  </protection_domain>
  <channel>
    <end pd="pager" id="0" />
    <end pd="alpha" id="0" pp="true" />
  </channel>
  <channel>
    <end pd="pager" id="1" />
    <end pd="beta" id="0" pp="true" />
  </channel>
  <memory_region name="uart" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" phys_addr="0x09000000" />
  <memory_region name="task0" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
  <memory_region name="task1" size="0x1000" page_size="0x1000" />
</system>